From there, my thesis aims to contribute to the debate on why this cycle of ethnic conflict began and persisted. The basic features of life in 17th century Manila are unfamiliar to most readers, so my first chapter is an introduction to broad economic, social, and environmental factors that I consider important in reading the history of Sino-Spanish conflict. The economic and political relationship between the Spanish minority and the Chinese sometime-majority of Manila was crucial to both sides, and yet it was punctuated with frequent outbreaks of mass violence that left thousands dead. Published in María Dolores Elizalde and Wang Jianlang eds., China’s Development from a Global Perspective (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017), pp. It was, to say the least, a most unusual monetization process. It transitioned from an illegal currency to a legal one, and then developed as the standard currency and came, ultimately, to occupy the dominant position in the field of currency circulation. During the whole social development of the late Ming, silver was nevertheless used across the entire society. There were, therefore, no formal institutions or regulations for silver at all. This clearly indicates thatsilver was not an official currency during the early Ming. One prominent piece of evidence is that when we read Ming huidian (The Great Ming Code), we can find a “Law of Paper Money” (chaofa) and a “Law of Copper Coin” (qianfa), but we cannot find a “Law of Silver” (yinfa). During the early Ming, it was forbidden to exchange silver and gold, and they were not viewed as legal currencies. However, the monetization of silver was a complicated, unusual process. This situation continued until the Ming, when silver eventually began to replace copper coins as the standard currency. China is also the country that first invented and used paper money. In China, copper coins had been the ancient circulated currency for more than one thousand years since the Qin unified the whole country and minted these copper coins with a characteristic square hole. As a typical case, the monetization of silver during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) was part of the story of this globalization. It is widely held that the sixteenth century was the beginning of broad economic globalization. "The Monetization of Silver in China: Ming China and Its Global Interactions," China’s Development from a Global Perspective (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017), pp. Dealing with new approaches on the use of empirical data by framing the proper questions and hypotheses and connecting western and eastern sources, this text opens a new forum of discussion on how global history has penetrated in western and eastern historiographies, moving the pivotal axis of analysis from national perspectives to open new venues of global history. It contributes to the revitalization of the field of global history in Chinese historiography, which have been dominated by national narratives and promotes a debate to open new venues in which important features such as scholarly mobility, diversity and internationalization are firmly rooted, putting aside national specificities. It examines how the discipline had evolved in various historiographies, from Anglo Saxon to southern European, and its emergence in Asia with the rapid development of the Chinese economy motivation to legitimate the current uniqueness of the history and economy of the nation. Rethinking the ways global history is envisioned and conceptualized in diverse countries such as China, Japan, Mexico or Spain, this collections considers how global issues are connected with our local and national communities.
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